Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jose Encarnacion, Jr. Author-Name-First: Jose Author-Name-Last: Encarnacion, Jr. Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics, University of the Philippines Diliman Title: Consistency Conditions for Group Decision Abstract: This paper argues that a number of consistency conditions for group choice cannot be considered as fundamental requirements since there are group decision rules which seem otherwise reasonable that do not satisfy them. In order to preserve Pareto optimality, which is essential, these rules represent possible alternatives by lexicographically ordered vectors that depend on the feasible set (because an alternative's Pareto property depends on the available alternatives). Revised versions of the consistency conditions are satisfied by the decision rules considered. Creation-Date: 1982-01 Publication-Status: Published as UPSE Discussion Paper No. DP 1982-01, January 1982 Number: 198201 Handle: RePEc:phs:dpaper:198201 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Edita A. Tan Author-Name-First: Edita Author-Name-Last: Tan Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics, University of the Philippines Diliman Title: Income Distribution, Underemployment and Labor Market Creation-Date: 1982-02 Publication-Status: Published as UPSE Discussion Paper No. 1982-02, February 1982 Number: 198202 Handle: RePEc:phs:dpaper:198202 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Casimiro V. Miranda, Jr. Author-Name-First: Casimiro Author-Name-Last: Miranda, Jr. Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics, University of the Philippines Diliman Title: A Theory of Migration Decision Abstract: The paper presents simple theoretical model of migration decision using the Neoclassical approach to the individual choice problem. The prospective migrant is depicted as making a decision on the basis of a comparison of the result of a constrained utility maximization problem, and his present situation. Under conditions prevailing largely in less developed countries, factors inducing movement are identified. Creation-Date: 1982-03 Publication-Status: Published as UPSE Discussion Paper No. 1982-03, March 1982 Number: 198203 Handle: RePEc:phs:dpaper:198203 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jose Encarnacion, Jr. Author-Name-First: Jose Author-Name-Last: Encarnacion, Jr. Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics, University of the Philippines Diliman Title: Social Values and Individual Choices Abstract: This paper sketches a theory of social choice based on a lexicographic ordering of multiple social values that can be pursued to greater or lesser degrees. Distinctions are made among the following concepts: (a) the vector-valued social decision, which results from individual choices regarding its components; (b) the social choice, which calls the compliance by the members of society with the social decision; and (c) social welfare judgements, which apply to situations where individual choices violate the social choice. A resolution of the Sen-Gibbard libertarian paradox follows from the theory. Creation-Date: 1982-04 Publication-Status: Published as UPSE Discussion Paper No. 1982-04, April 1982 Number: 198204 Handle: RePEc:phs:dpaper:198204 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Rolando A. Danao Author-Name-First: Rolando Author-Name-Last: Danao Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics, University of the Philippines Diliman Title: Nonnegative Approximate Solutions to an Econometric Model with Prescribed Goals Abstract: Given a linear economic model y* = ðx + b were y* is a prescribed goal vector, a linear programming problem can be used to determine the existence and uniqueness of a nonnegative instrument vector x that attains the goal and obtain such a vector if it exists. If the system y* = ðx + b does not have a solution, the approximate solution x = ðx(y*- b), where ð is the generalized inverse of ð, determines a vector ŷ = ðx that is as close as possible to y* in terms of the Euclidean distance. In this case, a linear programming problem can also be used to determine the existence and uniqueness of a nonnegative approximate solution and obtain such a solution if it exists. Creation-Date: 1982-04 Publication-Status: Published as UPSE Discussion Paper No. 1982-05, April 1982 Number: 198205 Handle: RePEc:phs:dpaper:198205 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Hal Hill Author-Name-First: Hal Author-Name-Last: Hill Title: Foreign Investors from Small Countries : A Philippine Case Study Abstract: Much of the literature on direct foreign investment is implicitly or explicitly with reference to 'large investors', both in terms of the investor's home country or of the investing company itself. It is sometimes argued, however, that foreign investors from 'small' countries differ in several significant aspects - especially regarding product and technology adaptation, and the extent of control exerted by the parent company - with potentially important policy implications. This paper examines these issues with reference to a case study of Australian investment in Philippine manufacturing. Our findings suggest that these differences may be exaggerated, although there is reason to believe that these investors have less difficulty in 'scaling down' to a small, diversified market. A fruitful topic for future research may be in the expanding area of developing country investors. Creation-Date: 1982-05 Publication-Status: Published as UPSE Discussion Paper No. 1982-06, May 1982 Number: 198206 Handle: RePEc:phs:dpaper:198206 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jovito G. Inoferio Author-Name-First: Jovito Author-Name-Last: Inoferio Title: Measured Ability, Educational Attainment, and Earnings of Vocational Trainee-Graduates : Some Empirical Evidences Abstract: The basic aim of the paper is to clarify the empirical relationship among measured ability, educational attainment, exposure to vocational training and wage earnings among a specific group of the work force which are apply described as less-skilled, and hence, less-paid. The hypothesized causal directions among the prime explanatory variables with respect to (initial) daily wage earnings follow the a priority statements. However the degree of statistical significance varies widely but with consequently important implications. The results of the study re-emphasized the importance of educational attainment in the employer's hiring decision at the entry point of the labor market even after exposure to vocational training. The length of time between graduation from the vocational training program and evaluation shows a marked direct influence in daily wage earnings which suggest an enhancement of the quality of labor skill resulting into more graduates can search for an employer who is willing to pay a relatively high initial wage rate in a given labor market. Measured ability as well as the length of exposure to vocational training courses (in hours) has no statistical significance in the explanation of the variations in daily wage earning. Indeed, one may speculate that these variables have more explanatory (and predictive) capacity for explaining the variations in acquired skills rather than daily wage earnings. On the other hand, measured ability would have accounted significantly for more of the variance in wage earnings had an aggregate measure of the regressand was used as a measure of the theoretical construct (which would capture the cumulative differentials in wage increases due to varying productivity in a given time period) instead of earnings per unit time. Creation-Date: 1982-06 Publication-Status: Published as UPSE Discussion Paper No. 1982-07, June 1982 Number: 198207 Handle: RePEc:phs:dpaper:198207 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Ernesto M. Pernia Author-Name-First: Ernesto Author-Name-Last: Pernia Title: The Performance and Prospects of Small and Intermediate Size Cities in the Philippines Abstract: The paper argues that small and intermediate size cities (SMCs) are essential parts of the national urban system and, therefore, an understanding of their structure and behavior would sharpen our grasp of issues concerning primacy as well as help rationalize attempts to bring about diffuse urbanization and development. A spatial-temporal framework reflecting economic policy thrusts in used in the analysis. While the few large cities (LCs) in the various regions grew consistently rapidly since the early part of the century, SMCs tended to be subject to the differential impacts of policy on the regions. Thus, those in the central industrial region (CIR) have been buoyant due to a progressive economic environment favored by policy; by contrast; SMCs in the other regions performed poorly because they tended to be sapped by LCs in the same region and those in the CIR. There is some indication, however, that SMCs in the less development regions have recently begun to perk up --probably less due to the efficacy of regional development policy than diseconomies of scale at the National Capital Region or more broadly the CIR. Regional policy may become more effective if it systematically considers SMCs so that at least some of them can flourish and thus spontaneously foster broader rural industrialization and regional development. Creation-Date: 1982-07 Publication-Status: Published as UPSE Discussion Paper No. 1982-08, July 1982 Number: 198208 Handle: RePEc:phs:dpaper:198208 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jose Encarnacion, Jr. Author-Name-First: Jose Author-Name-Last: Encarnacion, Jr. Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics, University of the Philippines Diliman Title: Lexicographic Group Choice Under Uncertainty Abstract: This paper proposes a solution to the problem of group decision under uncertainly when individuals have lexicographic preferences. The proposed solution satisfies four properties analogous to those that characterize the solution to the Nash bargaining problem, and if the set of feasible alternatives is fair in a certain sense, it is also the only solution that does so. Creation-Date: 1982-08 Publication-Status: Published as UPSE Discussion Paper No. 1982-09, August 1982 Number: 198209 Handle: RePEc:phs:dpaper:198209 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Susan S. Navarro Author-Name-First: Susan Author-Name-Last: Navarro Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics, University of the Philippines Diliman Title: Factor Proportions and the Direction of International Trade: An Application of Factor Analysis Abstract: In this paper, a method which is different from that used by Leontief in testing the validity of the conclusions of the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem is recommended. We note that the empirical significance of the theorem can be established only if both its assumptions and its conclusions are satisfied. However, Robinson observes that these assumptions are too demanding to be likely to fit any real-life circumstances. Thus, only the empirical significance of the conclusions of the theorem, rather than the theorem itself, can be established or nullified. Nevertheless, the test result could be useful in a study of the allocation of the country's relatively abundant and scarce resources and possibly, as pointed out by Leontief, its participation in the international division of labor. Creation-Date: 1982-10 Publication-Status: Published as UPSE Discussion Paper No. 1982-10, October 1982 Number: 198210 Handle: RePEc:phs:dpaper:198210 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Manuel F. Montes Author-Name-First: Manuel Author-Name-Last: Montes Title: Truncation Bias in Household Money Demand Tests Abstract: This paper estimates a demand for money function on household panel data from a national sample in the United States and constructed cross section interest rates. Its principal focus is the problem of truncation bias from a set of observations, which include zero observations of the dependent variable. This problem is treated as one of misspecification, the missing variable being the inverse of the Mills ratio. The auxiliary function which measures the probability of observing a positive value for the dependent variables, is used to estimate the inverse of the Mills ratio. This ratio is a significant explanatory variable in the demand for money equation - indicating the existence of truncation bias when only positive observations are used in the estimation procedure. There is an increase in the income elasticity with this added variable an indication of household economizing on money balances. Other results of the estimation exercise point to the importance of human capital and value of household time consideration in the household demand for money. Creation-Date: 1982-11 Publication-Status: Published as UPSE Discussion Paper No. 1982-11, November 1982 Number: 198211 Handle: RePEc:phs:dpaper:198211 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Alejandro N. Herrin Author-Name-First: Alejandro Author-Name-Last: Herrin Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics, University of the Philippines Diliman Author-Name: Vicente B. Paqueo Author-Name-First: Vicente Author-Name-Last: Paqueo Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics, University of the Philippines Diliman Author-Name: Ernesto M. Pernia Author-Name-First: Ernesto Author-Name-Last: Pernia Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics, University of the Philippines Diliman Title: Essays on the Economics of Fertility, Population Growth and Public Intervention in a Developing Country : The Philippines Abstract: The issue of population growth and economic development is now close to a generation old. Population policy in most developing countries is, however, only slightly over a decade in duration and its impact is just beginning to be felt. Like an adolescent that is experiencing growing pains, the population program calls for renewed guidance in its future course. There is a need to clarify certain ambiguities among policymakers, scholars and the public in general about the relationships between population growth and socioeconomic development. Likewise, there is a need to review the population program in terms of the underlying rationale of public intervention, as well as in terms of its performance during the past decade with a view to identifying what might be fruitful directions in the 1980s. The essays in this volume are designed to contribute to an enlightened discussion of issues surrounding the population and development concern in the Philippines and more generally in developing countries. Creation-Date: 1982-12 Publication-Status: Published as UPSE Discussion Paper No. 1982-12, December 1982 Number: 198212 Handle: RePEc:phs:dpaper:198212 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Romeo M. Bautista Author-Name-First: Romeo Author-Name-Last: Bautista Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics, University of the Philippines Diliman Title: The 1981-85 Tariff Charges and Effective Protection of Manufacturing Industries Abstract: As a result of a four-phase review of the tariff system undertaken by the Philippine government recently, a comprehensive but gradual revision of legal tariff rates has been scheduled over the period from January 1, 1981 to January 1, 1985 aimed at reducing the overall level of "effective protection" to domestic industries and making the rates more uniform across industries. This paper describes the nature of these tariff rate changes and analyzes their impact on effective protection rates in the manufacturing sector. While a significant improvement of the tariff system would be achieved by 1985, given the scheduled tariff changes, in terms of reducing the overall effective tariff protection and the dispersion of sectoral rates around the mean value, there will be room for additional rationalization of the structure of tariffs. This would generally entail a further reduction in the protection of sectors producing consumer goods and raising those of the intermediate and capital goods sectors. Related trade and development issues are discussed in the concluding section of the paper, especially with reference to current industrial plans and policies. Creation-Date: 1982-12 Publication-Status: Published as UPSE Discussion Paper No. 1982-13, December 1982 Number: 198213 Handle: RePEc:phs:dpaper:198213 Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Florian A. Alburo Author-Name-First: Florian Author-Name-Last: Alburo Title: Agricultural Modernization and Non-Agricultural Employment : An Asian and Pacific Perspective Abstract: The paper aims to provide a cross-country aggregate perspective of the interactions between agricultural modernization and non-agricultural employment in Asia and the Pacific. Following a Hymer-Resnick model, the results of the analysis indicates that increases in non-agricultural employment follow increases in agricultural modernization but that as the pace proceeds this type of employment falls off. Several indicators of agricultural modernization are explored in the analysis that reflect levels or stages of modernization. Although statistical fits are not thoroughly satisfactory, the results support the basic framework followed. Creation-Date: 1982-12 Publication-Status: Published as UPSE Discussion Paper No. 1982-14, December 1982 Number: 198214 Handle: RePEc:phs:dpaper:198214