Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Harry T. Oshima Author-Workplace-Name: University of the Philippines School of Economics Title: Agricultural Diversification in Philippine Development Strategy Abstract: This paper discusses the significant role of agricultural diversification in the Philippine recovery program. It tackles certain aspects which were not taken up in the Medium-Term Philippine Development Program, I987-I992. The urgent need for developing agricultural diversification in the Philippines is presented as a way of solving problems of growing rural underemployment particularly in the drier months, low peasant incomes, and poor nutrition among the low-income groups. Also, it examines the potentials for diversification as well as the obstacles confronting it. The Philippine experience is compared with those of other Southeast Asian countries to provide a broader perspective for policies and their implementation. Journal: Philippine Review of Economics and Business Pages: 159-198 Volume: 24 Issue: 3&4 Year: 1987 Month: December File-URL: http://pre.econ.upd.edu.ph/index.php/pre/article/view/302/386 File-Format: Application/pdf Handle: RePEc:phs:prejrn:v:24:y:1987:i:3&4:p:159-198 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Harry T. Oshima Author-Workplace-Name: University of the Philippines School of Economics Title: Underemployment, Diversification Off-Farm Employment in Indonesia Abstract: This paper deals with agricultural diversification and off-farm employment as methods of reducing not only rural but also urban unemployment in Indonesia. It looks into the positive effects as well as the difficulties of pursuing agricultural diversification. Also examined is the potential for raising the non-agricultural income of farm families particularly because of the large pool of underemployed rural labor. It points out the need to upgrade the quality of off-farm jobs to lessen the income inequalities between the agricultural and non agricultural sectors, and the need to substantially reduce the labor surplus to improve within and between disparities in family incomes. Finally, it makes policy recommendations regarding the promotion of agricultural diversification, off-farm employment, and the better generation of data needed for a more efficient policy implementation. Journal: Philippine Review of Economics and Business Pages: 199-213 Volume: 24 Issue: 3&4 Year: 1987 Month: December File-URL: http://pre.econ.upd.edu.ph/index.php/pre/article/view/303/392 File-Format: Application/pdf Handle: RePEc:phs:prejrn:v:24:y:1987:i:3&4:p:199-213 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hendra Esmara Author-Workplace-Name: Professor of Development Planning, Department of Economics, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia Title: Creating Employment Through the Labour-Intensive Public Works Programmes: The Indonesian Experience Abstract: To correct the employment gap and the uneven distribution of the population and labour force, the Indonesian government undertook a direct intervention program in employment creation through public works and this has become the largest nationwide effort that has been done anywhere in the world, except China. This paper will describe and assess the achievement of this employment policy over the period 1969-1984 . The programmes could be considered as successful whether in terms of the impact to the local economy (which was substantial) or in terms of direct employment creation (which activated about one-third of the underutilized labour force). In conclusion, the paper contends that relying on these labor-intensive public works programmes, which can be further expanded, cannot solve the employment problem; rather, a broader employment policy is needed. Journal: Philippine Review of Economics and Business Pages: 215-236 Volume: 24 Issue: 3&4 Year: 1987 Month: December File-URL: http://pre.econ.upd.edu.ph/index.php/pre/article/view/874/396 File-Format: Application/pdf Handle: RePEc:phs:prejrn:v:24:y:1987:i:3&4:p:215-236 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Medhi Krongkaew Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Economics, Thammasat University Title: The Economic and Social Impact of Thailand's Rural Job Creation Programs Abstract: The subject of this paper is the description and analysis of the Rural Job Creation Program (RJCP), a novel approach which was adopted by the Thai government to supplement its rural development policies. The paper first traces the origin of this unique concept of development policy. It then discusses five aspects of the structure and implementation of the RJCP, namely its objectives, administrative structure, project preparation and implementation procedures, financial control, and its monitoring and evaluation. It then details the economic impact of RJCP in terms of income as well as employment generation. It also discusses some of the results of evaluation surveys on whether the RJCP helped in developing efficiency in local self-government as well as in increasing local level participation in rural development efforts. Journal: Philippine Review of Economics and Business Pages: 237-272 Volume: 24 Issue: 3&4 Year: 1987 Month: December File-URL: http://pre.econ.upd.edu.ph/index.php/pre/article/view/305/400 File-Format: Application/pdf Handle: RePEc:phs:prejrn:v:24:y:1987:i:3&4:p:237-272 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: H. Osman-Rani Author-Workplace-Name: Universiti Kehangsaan Malaysia Title: Employment Poverty Eradications Projects: Malaysia's Experience 25 Years After Independence Abstract: The New Economic Policy (NEP) was inaugurated in Malaysia in 1969 to overcome the twin problems of poverty and socioeconomic imbalance. In line with this, two major strategies were pursued, namely agricultural and land development, and industrialization via the dispersal of industrial estates, as exemplified by three major projects which were: 1) the FELDA Land Development Schemes, 2) Muda Irrigation Scheme, and 3) the industrial estates development. This paper attempts to review the role and effectiveness of these projects, as well as the problems encountered. Its major conclusion is that overall, Malaysia's performance in addressing rural poverty has been better than those of many other developing countries in spite of the very real problems of ethnic factionalism. It underscores however the importance, not only of the industrialization and mechanization of agriculture, but also of the proper attitudes of the people and the elite groups which are essential to the modernization process. Journal: Philippine Review of Economics and Business Pages: 273-321 Volume: 24 Issue: 3&4 Year: 1987 Month: December File-URL: http://pre.econ.upd.edu.ph/index.php/pre/article/view/306/401 File-Format: Application/pdf Handle: RePEc:phs:prejrn:v:24:y:1987:i:3&4:p:273-321 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Muqtada Author-Workplace-Name: Senior Development Economist, ILO-ARTEP, New Delhi Title: Special Employment Schemes in Rural Bangladesh: Issues and Perspective Abstract: The paper aims mainly to present an overall profile of the multiplex special employment scheme that was undertaken in Bangladesh and to provide a preliminary evaluation of their impact. Evaluation of the scheme is based on such performance indicators as employment generation, promotion of skill training and entrepreneurship, income generation and distribution, multiplier effects, the local labor market, female participation and other dimensions. It also provides a sketch of the costs, funding, and general cost-effectiveness of these programmes aswell as the various demand and supply constraints confronting them. The study pays special attention to the pivotal role of credit -- its dimensions, utilization and dispensation structure — as the catalyst of employment promotion programmes.Finally, the paper discusses policy issues related to the strengthening of the strategy of special rural employment creation. While the paper showed the significance and urgency of promoting special employment schemes in rural Bangladesh, it concludes that “the strategy perhaps cannot, given its current scale and future possibilities, stand on its own as a major attack on poverty.“ The review suggests that these programmes are useful as partial measures of poverty alleviation and should be cautiously fostered. Journal: Philippine Review of Economics and Business Pages: 323-386 Volume: 24 Issue: 3&4 Year: 1987 Month: December File-URL: http://pre.econ.upd.edu.ph/index.php/pre/article/view/307/690 File-Format: Application/pdf Handle: RePEc:phs:prejrn:v:24:y:1987:i:3&4:p:323-386 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ernesto M. Pernia Author-Workplace-Name: University of the Philippines School of Economics Title: Migration, Development and Employment in East and Southeast Asia Abstract: The paper first reviews some of the major studies on internal migration in East and Southeast Asian countries, highlighting its relationship to development, particularly to the role of policies in the evolution of migration patterns. The central theme that emerges is that the pattern and effects of migration in these countries have been conditioned not simply by the rate of economic growth but by the character of growth as well as by the types of policies pursued. The paper also focuses on intersectoral labor migration in the context of structural transition and employment. The character of economic growth and of policies also influences the effects of migration in terms of the rate of departure of labour migrants from agriculture, their entry into industry relative to the service sector, as well as their consequent absorption in those sectors. Finally, important implications for policy and research are outlined in the conclusion. Journal: Philippine Review of Economics and Business Pages: 387-412 Volume: 24 Issue: 3&4 Year: 1987 Month: December File-URL: http://pre.econ.upd.edu.ph/index.php/pre/article/view/308/395 File-Format: Application/pdf Handle: RePEc:phs:prejrn:v:24:y:1987:i:3&4:p:387-412