Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Benito J. Legarda Jr. Title: The economic background of Rizal’s time Abstract: We survey economic conditions just before and during the lifetime of Jose Rizal, roughly leading to the second half of the 19th century, on three levels: that of the world, of the Spanish Empire, and of the Philippines. We show how in this period, coinciding with the first era of globalization, of discord within the Spanish Empire and of incipient prosperity in the archipelago, the economic and social foundations were laid for Rizal and his contemporaries to conceive of and demand greater autonomy and, ultimately, independence. Classification-JEL: N00, N43, N45, N75, F54 Keywords: globalization, Spanish Empire, Spanish economic policy,19th-century Philippine economic conditions Journal: Philippine Review of Economics Pages: 1-22 Volume: 48 Issue: 2 Year: 2011 Month: December File-URL: http://pre.econ.upd.edu.ph/index.php/pre/article/view/664/770 File-Format: Application/pdf Handle: RePEc:phs:prejrn:v:48:y:2011:i:2:p:1-22 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maria Serena I. Diokno Author-Workplace-Name: National Historical Commission of the Philippines,?College of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of the Philippines Diliman Title: Corruption and the moral imperative, through the lens of Rizal Abstract: Rizal wrote at length about corruption in the 19th century, a malaise that ailed the country, and described it in terms of its perpetrators: friars, whose ubiquitous presence made them a fixture in daily life; Spanish secular officials at the top of the colony’s hierarchy; and local officials, Filipinos among them. Beyond rich descriptions of corruption, Rizal’s works and his correspondence with family, friends, and adversaries offer a rich panoply of meaning about colonial life, the nature of power within the Spanish patrimonial order, and Rizal’s understanding of the nation. The paper argues that his crusade against corruption was not simply a rejection of official waywardness but was central to the project of building the Filipino nation. Classification-JEL: N45, Z12, Z13 Keywords: corruption, Spanish colonial administration,19th century Philippines, Rizal Journal: Philippine Review of Economics Pages: 23-40 Volume: 48 Issue: 2 Year: 2011 Month: December File-URL: http://pre.econ.upd.edu.ph/index.php/pre/article/view/665/771 File-Format: Application/pdf Handle: RePEc:phs:prejrn:v:48:y:2011:i:2:p:23-40 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emmanuel S. de Dios Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics University of the Philippines Diliman Title: Indolence, incentives, and institutions Abstract: Rizal’s economic ideas are among the least studied aspects of his work. A careful reading of his writing, however, particularly his 1890 essay “On the indolence of the Filipinos,” suggests that Rizal’s economic views were in general agreement with those of Enlightenment thinkers regarding the basis of progress, which was to be found in freedom of commerce and a government that was effective in its inherently limited sphere. The apparent absence of specific recommendations or hints of economic policy did not reflect a lacuna in Rizal’s thought but a proper concern for the prior and more important issues of specifying the minimal institutional foundations of a functioning economy—namely, the maintenance of peace, security of property rights, and facilitating the free movement of people and goods. Rizal went beyond Smithian minimalism, however, since he viewed the Spanish colonization as having not only severely undermined incentives but also destroyed hitherto promising and sound informal institutions that would have supported material progress among the subject Filipinos. As a result, Rizal viewed the reform of formal institutions as a necessary but insufficient condition for promoting the country’s economic progress. This was another important reason for his insistence on the need for mass education. Classification-JEL: B12, B52, N35, N43, N45 Keywords: institutions, incentives, pre-Hispanic Philippines, Spanish colonization, Rizal Journal: Philippine Review of Economics Pages: 41-78 Volume: 48 Issue: 2 Year: 2011 Month: December File-URL: http://pre.econ.upd.edu.ph/index.php/pre/article/view/666/772 File-Format: Application/pdf Handle: RePEc:phs:prejrn:v:48:y:2011:i:2:p:41-78 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marina B. Durano Author-Workplace-Name: Women’s Development Research Centre (KANITA), Universiti Sains Malaysia Title: Reason and responsibility:?reading Rizal’s letter to his Maloleña compatriots using the capabilities approach Abstract: Rizal’s letter to the women of Malolos emphasized reason and supported the education of women so that they may be enlightened, religiousness required reason, without reason there was only religiosity. Rizal’s letter argued that women’s value was contingent on their contribution to the Filipino identity, stressing how the character of motherhood reflected the character of motherland. Sen and Nussbaum’s capabilities approach is a broad framework within the liberal tradition followed by Rizal that allows for a better appreciation of Rizal’s messages in the context of modern-day understandings of development. In particular, reason and affiliation are central to the capabilities approach, which regards women (and men) as bearers of intrinsic value, helping identify not only the potential but also the limits of Rizal’s arguments. Current debates pertaining to individual rights and choice, including those on reproductive rights, provide a platform on which the relevance of Rizal’s messages may be tested. It is shown that the capabilities approach enhances Rizal’s messages for human development. Classification-JEL: B54, N35, N45 Keywords: capabilities, women, education, reproductive health, Rizal, Malolos Journal: Philippine Review of Economics Pages: 79-116 Volume: 48 Issue: 2 Year: 2011 Month: December File-URL: http://pre.econ.upd.edu.ph/index.php/pre/article/view/667/773 File-Format: Application/pdf Handle: RePEc:phs:prejrn:v:48:y:2011:i:2:p:79-116 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tina S. Clemente Author-Workplace-Name: Asian Center, University of the Philippines Diliman Title: Rizal’s Morga and insights into pre-Hispanic institutions and trade Abstract: This essay demonstrates how Rizal’s annotations of Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas can be used even today to derive insights useful for investigating pre-Hispanic economic and political institutions. This is done through a close reading of three broad topics treated by Rizal: first, the notion of a “confederation” of chiefs and the complexity of polities; second, the character of precolonial law and enforcement; and third, the engagement of pre-Hispanic polities in international trade. Finally the role of indigenously produced goods in the dynamics of chiefly rulership and foreign trade is discussed. The essay provides an analysis of the potential of pre-Hispanic research and possible directions for future efforts. Classification-JEL: N01, N45, N75, Z10 Keywords: Rizal, Morga, pre-Hispanic, chiefly polities Journal: Philippine Review of Economics Pages: 117-150 Volume: 48 Issue: 2 Year: 2011 Month: December File-URL: http://pre.econ.upd.edu.ph/index.php/pre/article/view/668/774 File-Format: Application/pdf Handle: RePEc:phs:prejrn:v:48:y:2011:i:2:p:117-150 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Karl Robert L. Jandoc Author-Workplace-Name: University of Hawai’i at Manoa Title: La Liga Filipina: Rizal and institutional change Abstract: A long-standing tradition in economics contends that “institutions matter “for long-run growth. Whether defined as “rules of the game” or a “system of social factors,” institutions ultimately affect the cost of exchange and production that, in turn, influences economic performance. This paper shows that Rizal, by establishing La Liga Filipina, endeavored to create the conditions toward institutional change. It shows that through the Liga’s aims—(a) to unite the whole archipelago;(b) mutual protection in case of trouble and need; (c) defense against every violence and injustice; (d) development of education, agriculture, and commerce; and (e) study and implementation of reforms—Rizal sought to subvert the most important antidevelopment institutions of his day. Classification-JEL: B52, N45 Keywords: Institutions, institutional change, Rizal Journal: Philippine Review of Economics Pages: 151-182 Volume: 48 Issue: 2 Year: 2011 Month: December File-URL: http://pre.econ.upd.edu.ph/index.php/pre/article/view/669/775 File-Format: Application/pdf Handle: RePEc:phs:prejrn:v:48:y:2011:i:2:p:151-182