Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dante B. Canlas Author-Workplace-Name: University of the Philippines Title: Unemployment and monetary policy:a revisit and new job strategies Abstract: This paper revisits the natural unemployment rate and some studies of labor markets with search frictions that it has inspired. New job strategies being proposed suggest a need for an enhanced labor market research agenda, which looks at additional movements in the labor force. New directions in the conduct of monetary policy beyond concerns over dangers to banks and financial markets posed by interest-rate adjustment may follow as a matter of course in the context of newly emerged labor market policy. Classification-JEL: 08, J18, E52 Keywords: unemployment, monetary policy, labor market Journal: Philippine Review of Economics Pages: 1-9 Volume: 60 Issue: 1 Year: 2023 Month: June File-URL: https://pre.econ.upd.edu.ph/index.php/pre/article/view/1033/958 File-Format: Application/pdf Handle: RePEc:phs:prejrn:v:60:y:2023:i:1:p:1-9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maria S. Floro Author-Workplace-Name: American University Author-Name: Elizabeth M. King Author-Workplace-Name: The Brookings Institution Title: Introduction to the symposium on the care economy Abstract: Classification-JEL: Keywords: Journal: Philippine Review of Economics Pages: 10-18 Volume: 60 Issue: 1 Year: 2023 Month: June File-URL: https://pre.econ.upd.edu.ph/index.php/pre/article/view/1034/959 File-Format: Application/pdf Handle: RePEc:phs:prejrn:v:60:y:2023:i:1:p:10-18 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martin Cicowiez Author-Workplace-Name: CEDLAS-UNLP Author-Name: Hans Lofgren Author-Workplace-Name: Independent researcher Title: Child and elderly care in South Korea: policy analysis with a gendered, care-focused computable general equilibrium model Abstract: The Republic of Korea is characterized by rapid growth of its elderly population, a stagnant working-age population, the world’s lowest total fertility rate, and the largest gender wage gap among the OECD countries. The heavy domestic and care work performed by women who receive little or no help from male household members constrains their labor force participation. The government strives to reduce the growing care burden of households, particularly among women, and raise female labor force participation rates as well as fertility rates. We examine the impact of various policy options to attain these objectives using a gendered computable general equilibrium (CGE) model for Korea. It is the first model in the literature using time use data with a focus on care services provided by the market and households. The simulations focus on the impact of policies that expand public care, provide subsidies to care provided by households or the private sector and reduce female wage discrimination. The results indicate that these policies improve the welfare of households with care responsibilities by freeing up time for women to take on jobs that pay better. Their broader economic impact, however, depends on the flexibility of gender roles in the division of labor both in households and in the broader economy. Classification-JEL: J13, J14, J16, E16, C68 Keywords: economics of care, gender, social accounting matrix, computable general equilibrium model, Asia, Republic of Korea Journal: Philippine Review of Economics Pages: 19-64 Volume: 60 Issue: 1 Year: 2023 Month: June File-URL: https://pre.econ.upd.edu.ph/index.php/pre/article/view/1035/964 File-Format: Application/pdf Handle: RePEc:phs:prejrn:v:60:y:2023:i:1:p:19-64 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martin Cicowiez Author-Workplace-Name: CEDLAS-UNLP Author-Name: Hans Lofgren Author-Workplace-Name: Independent researcher Author-Name: Ana Tribin Author-Workplace-Name: UNDP-RBLAC Author-Name: Tatiana Mojica Author-Workplace-Name: Inter-American Development Bank Title: Women's market and childcare policies in Colombia: policy simulations using a computable general equilibrium model Abstract: In recent decades, Colombia has made significant progress towards achieving gender equality in its labor market. However, persistent inequalities in unpaid care work remain a significant challenge, resulting in heavy care workload for women. This study evaluates the impact of three government policy options that can help reduce women's unpaid work: subsidy for childcare services provided by the market, an increase in public provision of childcare services, and cash transfers to households with children using a care-extended computable general equilibrium model (CGE) calibrated to Colombian data. The results show that while all policies improve family economic situations by increasing private consumption, childcare provision, whether through subsidies or as a public good, has a more significant impact on increasing female market work while cash transfers increase unpaid work performed inside the home. These findings underscore the importance of policy design and their analysis regarding their impact on gender inequalities, labor supply, and economic growth. Classification-JEL: E6, J16 Keywords: economic modeling, computable general equilibrium, social accounting matrix, feminist economics, care, unpaid care work, time use, Latin America, Colombia Journal: Philippine Review of Economics Pages: 65-98 Volume: 60 Issue: 1 Year: 2023 Month: June File-URL: https://pre.econ.upd.edu.ph/index.php/pre/article/view/1036/960 File-Format: Application/pdf Handle: RePEc:phs:prejrn:v:60:y:2023:i:1:p:65-98 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ipek Ilkkaracan Author-Workplace-Name: Istanbul Technical University Author-Name: Emel Memis Author-Workplace-Name: Ankara University Title: The enduring impact of the pandemic on gender patterns of paid and unpaid work: evidence from time-use data in Turkey Abstract: This paper examines changes in the gender patterns of paid and unpaid work in Turkey from the pre-pandemic period to the early pandemic phase under lockdown conditions and the late pandemic phase under relative normalization. We analyze data from three surveys fielded during these periods. We first adjust for demographic shifts during the pandemic to isolate the changes in paid and unpaid work. We then examine the impact of new work arrangements during the pandemic. Pooled regression analysis shows that paid work time has largely returned to pre-pandemic levels under partial normalization. Unpaid work time has decreased relative to the lockdown period, but it remains higher than pre-pandemic, particularly for women but also for men. The more enduring effects of the pandemic pertain to paid work, attitudes toward teleworking, and the provisioning of social care services. The share of teleworking has increased for women and men. Classification-JEL: J16, J22, O52 Keywords: COVID-19, work, gender gaps, care Journal: Philippine Review of Economics Pages: 99-122 Volume: 60 Issue: 1 Year: 2023 Month: June File-URL: https://pre.econ.upd.edu.ph/index.php/pre/article/view/1037/961 File-Format: Application/pdf Handle: RePEc:phs:prejrn:v:60:y:2023:i:1:p:99-122 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tanima Ahmed Author-Workplace-Name: World Bank Author-Name: Maria S. Floro Author-Workplace-Name: American University Title: Unpaid eldercare and its impact on the US labor supply Abstract: Globally, the dependency ratio is rising due to increase in aging population. Individuals, especially women are challenged when choosing between participating in the labor market and providing care. Using 2011-2017 American Time Use Survey data for a subsample of individuals aged 25-61 years, we examine the effect of frequent eldercare provision on labor force participation in the US using bivariate probit instrumental variable approach. Our findings suggest that unpaid eldercare performed frequently reduces labor force participation. Female frequent providers are likely to have lower labor force participation compared to their male counterparts. Robustness and sensitivity checks confirm these findings. Classification-JEL: J14, J16, J22 Keywords: aging, eldercare, labor supply, United States Journal: Philippine Review of Economics Pages: 123-157 Volume: 60 Issue: 1 Year: 2023 Month: June File-URL: https://pre.econ.upd.edu.ph/index.php/pre/article/view/1038/962 File-Format: Application/pdf Handle: RePEc:phs:prejrn:v:60:y:2023:i:1:p:123-157 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elizabeth M. King Author-Workplace-Name: The Brookings Institution Author-Name: Hannah L. Randolph Author-Workplace-Name: University of Strathclyde Author-Name: Jooyeoun Suh Author-Workplace-Name: Seoul National University Title: Care work and the demographic composition of households: two Asian cases Abstract: Who provides unpaid caregiving within the household is of economic and policy relevance. This paper examines how care activities are shared among household members, the extent to which women and men substitute for each other in care and work activities, and whether or not they realize economies of scale in care work. Mongolia and South Korea have nationally representative time-use survey data that allow an exploration of these questions. These two countries differ in their level of economic development and industrial structure, demographic profile, and household composition, providing a comparative perspective on the allocation of time to childcare, domestic work and market work within households. The maximum likelihood estimation results reveal significant evidence of substitution between men and women in childcare, but much less so in domestic work or indirect care, and economies of scale in the care of young children and in women's domestic work. Classification-JEL: D13, J22, J13 Keywords: household time allocation, household composition and care work, economies of scale Journal: Philippine Review of Economics Pages: 158-190 Volume: 60 Issue: 1 Year: 2023 Month: June File-URL: https://pre.econ.upd.edu.ph/index.php/pre/article/view/1039/965 File-Format: Application/pdf Handle: RePEc:phs:prejrn:v:60:y:2023:i:1:p:158-190 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shirin Arslan Author-Workplace-Name: Radio Free Asia Author-Name: Arnob Alam Author-Workplace-Name: American University Author-Name: Maria S. Floro Author-Workplace-Name: American University Author-Name: Seung-Eun Cha Author-Workplace-Name: University of Suwon Author-Name: Eunhye Kang Author-Workplace-Name: Seoul National University Title: Care workers’ sense of responsibility, working conditions, and the quality of care in South Korea Abstract: As countries like South Korea expand their paid care services, ensuring quality care has become critical. Since care work involves significant emotional labor, a worker’s sense of responsibility for the care recipient's well-being affects the quality of care delivered. In this study, we explore this particular determinant of quality care that has been underexplored to better understand its nature. However, a worker's sense of responsibility or commitment level is not static and varies depending on various factors including working conditions. Using 2018 Korean childcare and eldercare survey data, we empirically examine the relationship between a worker's commitment levels and working conditions by conducting Tobit and generalized maximum entropy (GME) analyses. Results indicate that training, shorter commutes, predictable schedules, and easy interactions with the care recipient’s family are associated with higher levels of commitment. Our findings highlight the importance of supportive working conditions in promoting quality care. Classification-JEL: J13, J14, J81, D91, J28, J490 Keywords: quality of care, childcare, eldercare, paid caregivers, working conditions, South Korea Journal: Philippine Review of Economics Pages: 191-222 Volume: 60 Issue: 1 Year: 2023 Month: June File-URL: https://pre.econ.upd.edu.ph/index.php/pre/article/view/1040/963 File-Format: Application/pdf Handle: RePEc:phs:prejrn:v:60:y:2023:i:1:p:191-222